| Fluent in Slovak, Racine Dominican Sr. Mary Raynoha has been helping to translate narratives of Slovakian sisters who survived communism into English. “Now I know why God let me live this long,” said the 91- year-old Racine Dominican. (Catholic Herald photo by Allen Fredrickson) | |
Racine Dominican offers peek behind Iron Curtain
Sister part of project documenting ‘Sister Survivors of European Communism’
By Karen Mahoney Special to Your Catholic Herald
RACINE - The first time Sr. Mary Raynoha heard the voice of God, it was to draw her to religious life.
The second time, it drew her to communist Czechoslovakia.
"I was looking at a Slovak newspaper and all of a sudden I heard his voice inside me and he said, 'Go to Czechoslovakia,' but I really thought that meant to take the next plane," laughed the Racine Dominican.
Two years later, in 1971, Sr. Mary obtained permission from her superiors to leave her order for the month-long journey to visit relatives in Slovakia.
"It was difficult to obtain permission because I have multiple sclerosis and because of the communism in Slovakia, they were worried about my safety," she admitted. "But a year before I went, my two sisters went on ahead and located a cousin who could make the requests to the community for me to go, so they paved the way."
While traveling to visit some of her 900 cousins, Sr. Mary also traveled to nine convents and learned firsthand what it was like to live under communist rule.
Project needed translator
Nearly 40 years later, the 91-year-old nun understands the purpose of God's second call to her. Two years ago, she read an advertisement in St. Anthony Messenger magazine about an international project documenting the lives of religious sisters who survived communism in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and the Ukraine.
Fluent in Slovak, Sr. Mary knew she would be able to assist Sisters of St. Joseph of Concordia Margaret Nacke and Mary Savoie in translating the narratives of the Slovakian sisters into English.
"Now I know why God let me live this long," she admitted, "As it is really great to be a part of this history, and to be able to contribute to the good of all who will read the sisters stories."
According to Sr. Margaret, Catholic religious congregations, once flourishing in Central and Eastern Europe, suffered major crises resulting from political and ideological changes imposed by communist rulers on society in general and religious congregations in particular.
"The public life of congregations was interrupted for four decades by these outside forces, depriving sisters of freedom, confiscating their properties, forcing them into exile and compelling many to manual work in factories, on farms and in mental institutions," she said.
Concerned that these sisters' stories would be lost to history, the two sisters from Kansas began efforts to preserve their words. In 2003, they began a project, "Sister Survivors of European Communism," and visited generalates of congregations in Rome whose members served in Eastern Europe during communism to ascertain the validity of such a project.
"We also collaborated with presidents of Leadership Conferences of Women Religious in the eight countries of our focus: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine in collecting data such as testimonies, photographs, books and documents," said Sr. Margaret.
Untold side of communism
According to Srs. Margaret and Mary Savoie the stories of the sisters are a significant and necessary aspect of Catholic history as they cover a side of communism about which most people are unaware.
"We know much about the Holocaust, but how many Catholics know that the communists focused on the liquidation of the Catholic Church?" remarked Sr. Margaret, adding, "Although it was obviously unsuccessful."
For Jesuit Fr. Michael Fahey, a Marquette University theology professor, the project is an opportunity to preserve historical data not generally found in text, as the information exists solely in the memories of those who lived the experience.
"We may think as time passes for survivors that the pain is less," he said. "But this is not true, because as time passes, one has more time to think and reflect on the experiences and the losses."
'God watched over me'
For Sr. Mary, the opportunity to translate the sisters' words was important, but more importantly, she understood firsthand what they experienced as she traveled from convent to convent meeting many of them, all the while not realizing her own life was in jeopardy.
"God really watched over me because although I was in the country, it was a miracle that I got out," she said. "I had no idea that there were restrictions against Catholic religious going over there until I was ready to leave. At the end of the checkpoints before I was to fly home, they weren't going to let me leave because I had 'Sister' on my passport. But about a half hour later, a Serbian came along and took me to the airport in an ordinary car; I gave him a dollar and got to my plane on time. Somehow God blindfolded all those who looked at my passport because they didn't want religious coming in the country - especially not into the convents."
Reading the 37 testimonies of the Vincentian Sisters of Satmarok, Slovakia, edified and strengthened the faith of Sr. Mary during the five months it took to translate the 105 pages into English.
"They are stories of courage and love of God and neighbor," she said. "Those stories will edify many people and help them also to follow their good example - and it could also strengthen a weakened faith."
Powerful testimonies
The testimonies paralleled many of the heart wrenching conditions she witnessed while visiting the nine convents. While visiting the Praemonstratentian Sisters on June 24, 1971, Sr. Mary learned from Sr. Emmanuela that the convent's chapel, gardens and grounds no longer belonged to the sisters.
"The communist state confiscated the convent and grounds and now, as owners, paid each sister about $31 or 500 crowns each month, of which each paid back $22 or 360 crowns for room and board," she said. "The sisters sold the produce to local dealers and gave the money back to the state."
The 50 Dominican Sisters in Nachod, Czech Republic, lived in a large Benedictine monastery with five other religious communities. The sisters spoke of a vastly different life than the religious sisters in the United States.
"In 1950, from all convents, the sisters had been dispersed to work in factories and on farms," she said. "In 1968, they were allowed to teach in schools for two years and the elderly were concentrated in special places."
A 1969 Salesian newspaper describes much of the horror directed at the religious during that time.
"In 1950 there were 10,000 nuns. There are now 7,646 left. Of these, 5,000 work at some job while the others live from a pitiful pension. In the night of April 1950, trucks stopped before all the convents and the doors were battered in. They were summarily carried off on the long road of suffering. They were taken under police supervision and interned as prisoners. Afterwards, they were set to work as forced laborers in weaving mills, in lumber mills, on state farms, at tasks quite different from anything they have been trained for ... they were willing and worked hard for almost nothing. Finally they were concentrated in ruinous institutions in remote districts without contact with their community or colleagues."
Cruelty strengthened faith
Many religious were unable to withstand the hardships and died. Despite their hardship, most retained their vows and bore no grudge for their mistreatment. Instead of breaking their faith, the isolation and cruelty seemed to strengthen it, including those around them. Incredibly, more young women aspired to become nuns. In 1984, Sr. Terezia Vargecka, whom Sr. Mary met in Olichov on June 12, 1971, visited the Siena Center and shared some of the stories with her.
"She said the girls dressed in secular clothes so the state would not know, and they lived in various places and met at night," she said. "In 1985, Sr. Terezia wrote to me, 'We have given ourselves into the service reserved for him and his brothers and sisters. From thence comes that true peace: to serve him and all with love, in every circumstance of life. Even when sometimes it is very difficult, when we would rather flee from the flight."
Sr. Mary learned that priests were also victimized, as she met a persecuted bishop living in secret while on a riverboat trip in Umela Oravaska, Jazero.
"We met three young graduates, and a fine, middle-aged man who knew some English. He interpreted some difficult words for me and translated some of mine for the students," she said. "On the way off the boat there was a plank to be crossed. I said to this man, 'Since I have multiple sclerosis and I am not sure-footed, will you give me a hand here?' He replied, 'Yes, gladly, and it is a consecrated hand.' I expressed my joy that he was a priest and asked his name and location of his parish. He replied, 'I can't tell you my name and my parish is all of Czechoslovakia.' No doubt, this was the 'secret bishop,' Jan Korec."
Ordained a bishop in 1951, and arrested several times, Cardinal Korec wrote 60 books on religious freedom and published more than 15 abroad. Working underground, he continued his mission until the revolution to end communism began in 1989. He was appointed a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1991. |